Question 1
Question:
Which of the following conditions are associated with multifocal ground-glass opacities on imaging? (Select all that apply.)
A. COVID-19 pneumonia
B. Sarcoidosis
C. Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis
D. Miliary tuberculosis
E. Pulmonary edema
Answer:
A. COVID-19 pneumonia
C. Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis
E. Pulmonary edema
Comment:
- A. COVID-19 pneumonia:
“Ground-glass opacities are common in COVID-19 pneumonia, typically seen as bilateral and multifocal in distribution.”
Source: Radiopaedia - C. Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis:
“Hypersensitivity pneumonitis often manifests with multifocal ground-glass opacities due to alveolitis.”
Source: Radiopaedia - E. Pulmonary edema:
“Pulmonary edema results in diffuse or multifocal ground-glass opacities due to fluid accumulation in the alveolar spaces.”
Source: Radiopaedia - B. Sarcoidosis:
“Sarcoidosis typically presents with nodular or reticulonodular patterns, not ground-glass opacities.”
Source: Radiopaedia - D. Miliary tuberculosis:
“Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by diffuse micronodules rather than ground-glass opacities.”
Source: Radiopaedia
Question 2
Question:
Which of the following are common causes of multifocal pulmonary nodules? (Select all that apply.)
A. Metastatic disease
B. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
C. Bronchiectasis
D. Fungal infections
E. Pulmonary infarcts
Answer:
A. Metastatic disease
B. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
D. Fungal infections
E. Pulmonary infarcts
Comment:
- A. Metastatic disease:
“Metastatic disease often results in multiple well-circumscribed pulmonary nodules from hematogenous spread.”
Source: Radiopaedia - B. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis:
“Granulomatosis with polyangiitis presents with multifocal nodules, often with cavitation.”
Source: Radiopaedia - D. Fungal infections:
“Fungal infections such as histoplasmosis and aspergillosis often produce multifocal nodules or masses.”
Source: Radiopaedia - E. Pulmonary infarcts:
“Pulmonary infarcts may appear as peripheral wedge-shaped opacities or nodules.”
Source: Radiopaedia - C. Bronchiectasis:
“Bronchiectasis is associated with dilated airways and does not typically produce nodules.”
Source: Radiopaedia
Question 3
Question:
Which imaging findings are commonly associated with multifocal infectious processes in the lungs? (Select all that apply.)
A. Tree-in-bud opacities
B. Cavitating nodules
C. Mosaic attenuation
D. Ground-glass opacities
E. Pleural effusion
Answer:
A. Tree-in-bud opacities
B. Cavitating nodules
C. Mosaic attenuation
D. Ground-glass opacities
Comment:
- A. Tree-in-bud opacities:
“Tree-in-bud opacities suggest endobronchial spread of infection, such as tuberculosis or fungal infections.”
Source: Radiopaedia - B. Cavitating nodules:
“Cavitating nodules are often seen in necrotizing infections or septic emboli.”
Source: Radiopaedia - C. Mosaic attenuation:
“Mosaic attenuation reflects air trapping, which may be seen in infectious bronchiolitis.”
Source: Radiopaedia - D. Ground-glass opacities:
“Ground-glass opacities are common in infectious pneumonias such as Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.”
Source: Radiopaedia - E. Pleural effusion:
“While pleural effusion can accompany infections, it is not a primary parenchymal finding.”
Source: Radiopaedia
Question 4
Question:
Which conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis for multifocal airspace opacities? (Select all that apply.)
A. Bacterial pneumonia
B. Pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage
C. Pneumothorax
D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
E. Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)
Answer:
A. Bacterial pneumonia
B. Pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage
D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
E. Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)
Comment:
- A. Bacterial pneumonia:
“Bacterial pneumonia frequently presents with multifocal airspace consolidation.”
Source: Radiopaedia - B. Pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage:
“Pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage manifests as diffuse or multifocal airspace opacities due to alveolar flooding with blood.”
Source: Radiopaedia - D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS):
“ARDS leads to multifocal airspace opacities due to alveolar flooding and inflammation.”
Source: Radiopaedia - E. Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP):
“Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (formerly BOOP) often presents with multifocal airspace opacities caused by inflammation and fibrosis.”
Source: Radiopaedia - C. Pneumothorax:
“Pneumothorax causes lung collapse and lucency, not airspace opacities.”
Source: Radiopaedia
Question 5
Question:
Which of the following are typical findings in multifocal lung disease on imaging? (Select all that apply.)
A. Reticulonodular pattern
B. Honeycombing
C. Miliary nodules
D. Consolidation
E. Mosaic attenuation
Answer:
A. Reticulonodular pattern
C. Miliary nodules
D. Consolidation
Comment:
- A. Reticulonodular pattern:
“A reticulonodular pattern is common in interstitial lung diseases, including lymphangitis carcinomatosis.”
Source: Radiopaedia - C. Miliary nodules:
“Miliary nodules are a hallmark of hematogenous dissemination, such as in miliary tuberculosis.”
Source: Radiopaedia - D. Consolidation:
“Consolidation is seen in infections, hemorrhage, and inflammatory conditions such as COP.”
Source: Radiopaedia - B. Honeycombing:
“Honeycombing is associated with advanced fibrosis, not typically multifocal lung disease.”
Source: Radiopaedia - E. Mosaic attenuation:
“Mosaic attenuation reflects small airway diseases and is not a primary finding in diffuse multifocal processes.”
Source: Radiopaedia