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Historical perspectives

In 1794 US Spallanzani observed bats flying in the dark and theorised that they were guided by sound 1880 US Curie, Pierre and Jacques piezoelectric effect 1895 X-Ray Roentgen discovers X-rays 1907 X-Ray Kassabian publishes Rontgen Rays and Electrotherapeutics with chapters on the evaluation of abdominal organs 1919 nuclear medicine Rutherford produced alpha particles from radium that interacted with zinc sulfide screen producing scintillations produced by protons (unlike X-rays) 1949 angiography Johnson “selective” angiography 1951 angiography hepatic wedge pressure spleoportography 1972 CT Hounsfield, Godfrey 1st EMI scanner installed at Atkinson Morley’s hospital London 1972 MRI Lauterbur first 2D image of proton density 1978 MRI Mansfield University of Nottingham image of abdomen 1980-1997 US application to hepatic and portal circulation of pulse Doppler color flow Doppler power Doppler improving spatial resolution CT progressive increase in speed of scanning computing producing images with less artefact and more structural information and more physiologic information improving detection of small lesions vascular imaging MRI progressive increase in speed of scanning and speed of computing producing images with less artefact and more structural information and more physiologic information sequence development and use of contrast agents leading to better characterization nuclear medicine SPECT development leading to improved spatial resolution angiography 1980-1997 use of digital imaging results in improved speed of acquisition real time evaluation

 

Imaging the liver

00425 gallbladder wall fx edema dx CHF liver heart cardiac dx CHF liver CHF acute cardiac failure CTscan Courtesy Ashley Davidoff MD

Plain Film

Lucent Liver Sign – Freee Air
24173 71F with diffuse abdominal pain liver colon large bowel abdomen peritoneal cavity hepatic lucency fx lucent RUQ fx free air dx perforated viscus probably colonic perforation of colon plain film Courtesy Ashley Davidoff MD radiologists and detectives emergency 5star CTscan Courtesy Ashley Davidoff MD

Ischemic Bowel Portal Venous Air
02107 liver hx M52 vein portal fx air small bowel dilated dx ischemiv bowel imaging plain film KUB Courtesy Ashley Davidoff MD DB

CT scan

Angiography

Angiography of the liver is a radiologic procedure of the liver accomplished by insertion of a catheter into the hepatic arterial, venous, or portal circulations with a view to visualize the vascular anatomy and assist in the diagnosis of disease and to apply therapeutic maneuvers such as embolisation of bleeding vessels. HISTORICAL ASPECTS 1895 – Roentgen discovers X-rays 1896 – Haschek and Lindenthal do first angiogram of amputated hand 1907 – Kassabian publishes Rontgen Rays and Electrotherapeutics with chapters on the evaluation of abdominal organs 1910 – Franck and Alwens do animal angiography and early human experimentation 1923 Berberich and Hirsch do human arteriography and venography 1928 – Moniz does carotid angiography and Forssman does self catheterization from antecubital vein to right atrium 1929 – Dos Santos’s translumbar technique for angiography of abdominal aorta and major branches; Swick’s use of iodine as a safe contrast agent 1931 – Forssman’s right heart angiogram is successful in animals but unsuccessful in human. 1933 – Rousthoi in paper “Uber Angiokardiographie” describes animal angiography of the heart and aorta 1941 – Farinas’s retrograde approach from femoral artery 1948 – Gunnar Jonsson does coronary angiography 1949 – Johnson does “selective” angiography 1953 – Seldinger’s modern method of arteriographic technique. 1956 – Donald, an obstetrician, and Brown, an engineer, apply ultrasound technology to clinical obsterics. 1959 – Sones does first selective coronary angiogram 1961 – Ricketts and Abrams preforms catheters for coronary angiography 1966 – Judkins preforms thermoplastic catheters

References