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Jewish Nobel Laureates

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The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economicshas been awarded since 1969.[1] Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 850 individuals,[2] of whom at least 20% were Jews or of Jewish descent, although Jews comprise less than 0.2% of the world?s population,[3] (or 1 in every 500 people). Overall, Jews have won a total of 41% of all the Nobel Prizes in economics, 28% of medicine, 26% of Physics, 19% of Chemistry, 13% of Literature and 9% of all peace awards.[4]

Jews have been recipients of all six awards. The first Jewish recipient, Adolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905. As of 2013, the most recent Jewish recipients were James Rothman and Randy Schekman (Medicine); Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus (Chemistry); and François Englert(Physics), all in 2013. Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertészsurvived the extermination camps during the Holocaust,[5] while François Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children?s homes.[6] Others, such as Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus had to flee Nazi Germanyto avoid persecution.[7][8][9] Still others, including Rita Levi-Montalcini, Herbert Hauptman, Robert Furchgott, Arthur Kornberg, and Jerome Karle experienced significant antisemitism in their careers.[8][10]

The oldest person ever to receive a Nobel Prize was Leonid Hurwicz, a Polish-American Jew who received the 2007 prize in Economics when he was 90 years old.[11]

Literature[edit]

YEAR LAUREATE COUNTRY RATIONALE
1910

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 Paul Heyse[12][13][14] Germany ?as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories?[15]
1927

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 Henri Bergson[13][14] France ?in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented?[16]
1958

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 Boris Pasternak[13][14] Soviet Union ?for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition?[17]
1966

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 Shmuel Yosef Agnon[13][14] Israel ?for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people?[18]

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 Nelly Sachs[13][14] Germany ?for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel?s destiny with touching strength?[18]
1976

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 Saul Bellow[13][14] United States ?for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work?[19]
1978

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 Isaac Bashevis Singer[13][14] United States ?for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life?[20]
1981

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 Elias Canetti[13][14] United Kingdom ?for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power?[21]
1987

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 Joseph Brodsky[13][14] United States ?for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity?[22]
1991

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 Nadine Gordimer[13][14] South Africa ?who through her magnificent epic writing has ? in the words of Alfred Nobel ? been of very great benefit to humanity?[23]
2002

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 Imre Kertész[13][24][25] Hungary ?for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history?[26]
2004

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 Elfriede Jelinek[27] Austria ?for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society?s clichés and their subjugating power?[28]
2005

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 Harold Pinter[13][29] United Kingdom ?who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression?s closed rooms?[30]

Chemistry[edit]

YEAR LAUREATE COUNTRY RATIONALE
1905

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 Adolf von Baeyer[14][31][32][33][34] Germany ?[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds?[35]
1906

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 Henri Moissan[14][31][32][33][34][36] France ?[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnacecalled after him?[37]
1910

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 Otto Wallach[14][31][32][33][34] Germany ?[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds?[38]
1915

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 Richard Willstätter[14][31][32][33][34] Germany ?for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll?[39]
1918

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 Fritz Haber[14][31][32][33][34][40] Germany ?for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements?[41]
1943

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 George de Hevesy[14][31][32][33][34] Hungary ?for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes?[42]
1961

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 Melvin Calvin[14][31][32][33][34] United States ?for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants?[43]
1962

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 Max Perutz[14][31][32][33][34][44] United Kingdom ?for their studies of the structures of globular proteins?[45]
1972

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 Christian B. Anfinsen[31][34][46] United States ?for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation?[47]
William Howard Stein[14][31][32][34] United States ?for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule?[47]
1977 Ilya Prigogine[14][31][32][34][48] Belgium ?for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures?[49]
1979 Herbert C. Brown[14][31][32][34][50] United States ?for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis?[51]
1980

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 Paul Berg[14][31][32][34][52] United States ?for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA?[53]

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 Walter Gilbert[14][31][32][34] United States ?for their contributionsconcerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids?[53]
1981

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 Roald Hoffmann[14][31][32][34] United States ?for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions?[54]
1982

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 Aaron Klug[14][31][32][34] United Kingdom ?for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes?[55]
1985

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 Jerome Karle[10][14][31][32][34][56][57] United States ?for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures?[58]

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 Herbert A. Hauptman[8][14][31][32][34][59][60][61] United States
1989

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 Sidney Altman[14][31][32][34] Canada
United States		 ?for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA?[62]
1992

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 Rudolph A. Marcus[14][31][32][34] United States ?for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactionsin chemical systems?[63]
1994

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 George Andrew Olah[12][31][34] Hungary ?for his contribution to carbocationchemistry?[64]
1996

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 Harry Kroto[34][65] England ?for the discovery of fullerenes?[66]
1998

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 Walter Kohn[7][8][14][31][34][67] United States ?for his development of the density-functional theory?[68]
2000 Alan J. Heeger[14][31][32][34][69] United States ?for the discovery and development of conductive polymers?[70]
2004

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 Aaron Ciechanover[34][71][72] Israel ?for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation?[73]

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 Avram Hershko[34][71] Israel

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 Irwin Rose[34][74][75] United States
2006

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 Roger D. Kornberg[71][76][77] United States ?for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription?[78][79]
2008

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 Martin Chalfie[80] United States ?for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP?.[81]
2009

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 Ada Yonath[71] Israel ?for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome?[82]
2011

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 Dan Shechtman[83] Israel ?for the discovery of quasicrystals?[84]
2012

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 Robert Lefkowitz[85] United States ?for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors?[86]
2013

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 Arieh Warshel[9][87] Israel ?for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems?[88]

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 Michael Levitt[9][87] United States, Britain, Israel[89][90]

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 Martin Karplus[9][87] United States, Austria [91]

Physiology or Medicine[edit]

YEAR LAUREATE COUNTRY RATIONALE
1908

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 Élie Metchnikoff[14][33][34][92] Russia ?in recognition of their work on immunity?[93]

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 Paul Ehrlich[14][33][34][92] Germany
1914

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 Robert Bárány[14][33][34][92] Austria-Hungary ?for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus?[94]
1922

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 Otto Fritz Meyerhof[14][33][34][92] Germany ?for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle?[95]
1930

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 Karl Landsteiner[14][33][34][92] Austria ?for his discovery of human blood groups?[96]
1931

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 Otto Heinrich Warburg[14][33][34] Germany ?for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme?[97]
1936

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 Otto Loewi[14][33][34][92] Austria ?for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses?[98]
1944

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 Joseph Erlanger[14][33][34][92][99] United States ?for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres?[100]

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 Herbert Spencer Gasser[14][33][34]
1945

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 Ernst Boris Chain[14][33][34][92] United Kingdom ?for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases?[101]
1946

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 Hermann Joseph Muller[14][33][34][92] United States ?for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-rayirradiation?[102]
1947

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 Gerty Cori[34][92] United States ?for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen?[103]
1950

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 Tadeusz Reichstein[14][33][34][92] Switzerland / Poland ?for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects?[104]
1952

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 Selman Waksman[14][33][34][92] United States ?for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibioticeffective against tuberculosis?[105]
1953

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 Hans Adolf Krebs[8][14][33][34][92] United Kingdom ?for his discovery of the citric acid cycle?[106]

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 Fritz Albert Lipmann[14][92] United States ?for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism?[106]
1958

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 Joshua Lederberg[14][33][34][92] United States ?for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria?[107]
1959

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 Arthur Kornberg[10][14][33][34][92] United States ?for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acidand deoxyribonucleic acid?[108]
1964

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 Konrad Emil Bloch[14][33][34][92][109] United States ?for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acidmetabolism?[110]
1965

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 François Jacob[14][33][34][92] France ?for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzymeand virus synthesis?[111]

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 André Michel Lwoff[14][33][34][92]
1967

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 George Wald[14][33][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye?[112]
1968

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 Marshall Warren Nirenberg[14][33][34][92] United States ?for their interpretation of the genetic codeand its function in protein synthesis?[113]
1969

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 Salvador Luria[14][33][34][92] United States, Italy ?for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses?[114]
1970

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 Julius Axelrod[14][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation?[115]
Bernard Katz[14][33][34][92] United Kingdom
1972 Gerald Edelman[14][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies?[116]
1975

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 David Baltimore[14][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell?[117]
Howard Martin Temin[14][34][92] United States
1976

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 Baruch Samuel Blumberg[14][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases?[118]
1977

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 Andrew Schally[34][92][119][120] United States ?for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormoneproduction of the brain?[121]

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 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow[14][34][52][92] United States ?for the development of radioimmunoassaysof peptide hormones?[121]
1978 Daniel Nathans[14][34][92] United States ?for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics?[122]
1980 Baruj Benacerraf[14][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions?[123]
1984

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 César Milstein[14][34][52][92] Argentina ?for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production ofmonoclonal antibodies?[124]
1985

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 Michael Stuart Brown[14][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterolmetabolism?[125]

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 Joseph L. Goldstein[14][34][92] United States
1986

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 Stanley Cohen[14][34][52][92] United States ?for their discoveries of growth factors?[126]

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 Rita Levi-Montalcini[14][34][92][127] Italy
1988

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 Gertrude B. Elion[14][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment?[128]
1989

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 Harold E. Varmus[14][34][52][92] United States ?for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviraloncogenes?[129]
1994 Alfred G. Gilman[14][34][92] United States ?for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells?[130]

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 Martin Rodbell[14][34][92]
1997

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 Stanley B. Prusiner[14][34][92] United States ?for his discovery of prions ? a new biological principle of infection?[131]
1998

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 Robert F. Furchgott[8][34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system?[132]
2000

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 Paul Greengard[34][92] United States ?for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system?[133]

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 Eric Kandel[14][34][92] United States
2002 Sydney Brenner[34][92] United Kingdom ?for their discoveries concerning ?genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death??[134]
H. Robert Horvitz[34][92] United States
2004

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 Richard Axel[34][92][99][135] United States ?for their discoveries of odorant receptorsand the organization of the olfactory system?[136]
2006

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 Andrew Fire[92] United States ?for his discovery of RNA interference ? gene silencing by double-stranded RNA?[137]
2011 Ralph M. Steinman[83][92][138][139][140] Canada for ?his discovery of the dendritic celland its role in adaptive immunity?[141]

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 Bruce Beutler[83][92][142] United States ?for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity?
2013 James E. Rothman[9][143][144] United States for ?their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells?[145]

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 Randy Schekman[9][143][144] United States

Physics[edit]

YEAR LAUREATE COUNTRY RATIONALE
1907

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 Albert A. Michelson[14][32][33][146] United States ?for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid?[147]
1908

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 Gabriel Lippmann[14][32][33][146] France ?for his method of reproducing colours photographicallybased on the phenomenon of interference?[148]
1921

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 Albert Einstein[14][32][33][146][149] Germany ?for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect?[150]
1922

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 Niels Bohr[14][32][33][146] Denmark ?for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them?[151]
1925

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 James Franck[14][32][146] Germany ?for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom?[152]

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 Gustav Hertz[14][32][33] Germany
1943

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 Otto Stern[14][32][146] United States ?for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton?[153]
1944

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 Isidor Isaac Rabi[14][32][33][146] United States ?for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei?[154]
1945

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 Wolfgang Pauli[14][146][155] Austria ?for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle?[156]
1952

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 Felix Bloch[14][32][33][146] United States ?for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith?[157]
1954

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 Max Born[14][32][33][146] United Kingdom ?for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction?[158]
1958

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 Ilya Frank[14][146] Soviet Union ?for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect?[159]

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 Igor Tamm[14][32][33][146][160] Soviet Union
1959

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 Emilio Gino Segrè[14][32][33][146] Italy ?for their discovery of the antiproton?[161]
1960

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 Donald A. Glaser[14][32][33][146] United States ?for the invention of the bubble chamber?[162]
1961

75px-Robert_Hofstadter.jpg

 Robert Hofstadter[14][32][33][146] United States ?for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons?[163]
1962

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 Lev Landau[14][32][33][146][164] Soviet Union ?for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium?[165][166]
1963

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 Eugene Wigner[14][146][167] United States ?for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles?[168]
1965

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 Richard Feynman[14][32][33][146][169] United States ?for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles?[170]

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 Julian Schwinger[14][32][33][146] United States
1967

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 Hans Bethe[14][146] United States ?for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars?[171]
1969

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 Murray Gell-Mann[14][32][33][146][172] United States ?for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions?[173]
1971 Dennis Gabor[14][32][146] United Kingdom ?for his invention and development of the holographic method?[174]
1972

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 Leon Cooper[146][146][175][176] United States ?for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory?[177]
1973 Brian David Josephson[14][32] United Kingdom ?for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect?[178]
1975

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 Ben Roy Mottelson[14][32][146] Denmark ?for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection?[179]
1976

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 Burton Richter[14][32][146] United States ?for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind?[180]
1978

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 Arno Allan Penzias[14][32][146] United States ?for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation?[181]
1979

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 Sheldon Lee Glashow[14][32][146] United States ?for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current?[182]

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 Steven Weinberg[14][32][146] United States
1987

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 Karl Alexander Müller[146] Switzerland ?for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials?[183]
1988

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 Leon M. Lederman[14][32][52][146] United States ?for the neutrinobeam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino?[184]
Melvin Schwartz[14][32][146] United States

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 Jack Steinberger[14][32][146] United States
1990 Jerome Isaac Friedman[14][146] United States ?for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scatteringof electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics?[185]
1992

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 Georges Charpak[14][146] France / Poland ?for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber?[186]
1995

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 Martin Lewis Perl[14][146] United States ?for the discovery of the tau lepton? and ?for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics?[187]

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 Frederick Reines[14][146] United States ?for the detection of the neutrino? and ?for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics?[187]
1996

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 David Morris Lee[12][146] United States ?for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3?[188]

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 Douglas D. Osheroff[12] United States
1997

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 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[14][146] France ?for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light?[189]
2000

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 Zhores Alferov[12][146] Russia ?for developing semiconductorheterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics?[190]
2003

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 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov[146] Russia
United States		 ?for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductorsand superfluids?[191]

75px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg

 Vitaly Ginzburg[146] Russia
2004

75px-David_Gross_cropped.JPG

 David Gross[71][146][192] United States ?for the discovery of asymptotic freedomin the theory of the strong interaction?[193]
H. David Politzer[146] United States
2005

75px-Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpg

 Roy J. Glauber[146] United States ?for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence?[194]
2010

75px-Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg

 Andre Geim[195] Russia
Netherlands		 ?for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene?[196]
2011

75px-Adam_Riess_Agr_cover.jpg

 Adam Riess[83][146][197][198][199] United States ?for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating?[194]

75px-Nobel_Prize_2011-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7744.jpg

 Saul Perlmutter[83][146][200][201] United States
2012

75px-Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpg

 Serge Haroche[202] France ?for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems?[194]
2013

75px-Francois_Englert.jpg

 François Englert[6][9][203][204] Belgium ?for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN?s Large Hadron Collider?[205]

Peace[edit]

YEAR LAUREATE COUNTRY RATIONALE
1911

75px-TMCasser.jpg

 Tobias Michael Carel Asser[14][206] The Netherlands ?Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer?[207]

75px-Alfred_Herrmann_Fried_Foto.jpg

 Alfred Hermann Fried[14][208] Austria ?Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte?[207]
1968

75px-Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg

 René Cassin[14] France ?President of the European Court for Human Rights?[209]
1973

75px-Henry_Kissinger.jpg

 Henry A. Kissinger[14][210] United States ?For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces?[211][212]
1978

75px-Menachem_Begin_2.jpg

 Menachem Begin[14][213] Israel ?for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel?[214]
1986

75px-Elie_Wiesel.jpg

 Elie Wiesel[14][215] United States ?Chairman of ?The President?s Commission on the Holocaust??[216]
1994

75px-Yitzhak_Rabin_%281986%29_cropped.jpg

 Yitzhak Rabin[14] Israel ?to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East.?[217]

75px-Shimon_Peres_World_Economic_Forum_2007.jpg

 Shimon Peres[14] Israel
1995

75px-Josef_Rotblat_ID_badge.png

 Joseph Rotblat[14] United Kingdom
Poland		 ?for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms?[218]

Economics[edit]

YEAR LAUREATE COUNTRY RATIONALE
1970

75px-Paul_Samuelson.jpg

 Paul Samuelson[14][14][219][220] United States ?for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science?[221]
1971 Simon Kuznets[14][219][222] United States ?for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development?[223]
1972

75px-Kenneth_Arrow%2C_Stanford_University.jpg

 Kenneth Arrow[14][219][224] United States ?for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory?[225]
1973 Wassily Leontief[219] Russia
Germany
United States		 ?for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems?[226]
1975

75px-Leonid_Kantorovich_1975.jpg

 Leonid Kantorovich[14][219] Soviet Union ?for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources?[227]
1976

75px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg

 Milton Friedman[14][219][224][228] United States ?for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy?[229]
1978 Herbert A. Simon[14][219][230] United States ?for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations?[231]
1980 Lawrence Klein[14][219][230] United States ?for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies?[232]
1985

75px-Franco_Modigliani.jpg

 Franco Modigliani[14][219][220] Italy
United States		 ?for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets?[233]
1987

75px-Solow_natmedal.jpg

 Robert Solow[14][219] United States ?for his contributions to the theory of economic growth??[234]
1990 Harry Markowitz[14][219][230] United States ?for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics??[235]
Merton Miller[219][230] United States
1992

75px-GaryBecker-May24-2008.jpg

 Gary Becker[14][219][230] United States ?for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour??[236]
1993

75px-Robert_William_Fogel.jpg

 Robert Fogel[14][219][230] United States ?for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change?[237]
1994 John Harsanyi[219][230][238] Hungary ?for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games?[239]
1997

75px-Myron_Scholes_2008_in_Lindau.png

 Myron Scholes[14][219][230][240] Canada ?for a new method to determine the value of derivatives?[241][242]
2001

75px-Joseph_E._Stiglitz_-_cropped.jpg

 Joseph Stiglitz[219][230] United States ?for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information?[243]

75px-George_Akerlof.jpg

 George Akerlof[244] United States
2002

75px-Daniel_KAHNEMAN.jpg

 Daniel Kahneman[219][230] Israel
United States		 ?for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty?[245]
2005

75px-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_2010.jpg

 Robert Aumann[219][246] Israel
United States		 ?for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis?[247]
2007

75px-Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg

 Leonid Hurwicz[219][248][249][250][251] United States
Poland		 ?For having laid the foundations of mechanism designtheory?[252]

75px-05N3441_emaskin.jpg

 Eric Maskin[219][251][253] United States

75px-Myerson_roger_b_print.jpg

 Roger Myerson[219][251] United States
2008

75px-Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-8.jpg

 Paul Krugman[219][254] United States ?for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity?[255]
2010

75px-Peter_Diamond_cropped.jpg

 Peter Diamond[256][257] United States ?for his analysis of markets with search frictions?[258]
2012

75px-Alvin_E._Roth_3_2012.jpg

 Alvin E. Roth[259] United States ?for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design? [260]

Forced to decline prize[edit]

Boris Pasternak, a Russian Jew, winner of the 1958 prize for literature, initially accepted the award, but?after intense pressure from Soviet authorities?subsequently declined it.[261][262][263][264]

Nobel Laureates Boulevard[edit]

220px-PikiWiki_Israel_9695_jewish_laureates_promenade_in_rishon_lezion.jpg

Monument and plaque honoring 2002 Economics Laureate Daniel Kahneman on Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade in Rishon LeZion Israel.

The Israeli town of Rishon LeZion has a street in it dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel Laureates. The street, called Tayelet Hatnei Pras Nobel (Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque for each Nobel Laureate.[61]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize? (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 14 November 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

    An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969

  2. Jump up^ ?All Nobel Laureates?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  3. Jump up^
    • ?A remarkable week for Jewish Nobel Prize winners?. The Jewish Chronicle. October 10, 2013. ?Jews have won more than 20 per cent of the 850-plus prizes awarded, despite making up just 0.2 per cent of world?s population.?
    • ?One-of-five Nobel Prize Laureates are Jewish?. Israel High-Tech & Investment Report. December 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
    • ?Jews make up less than 0.2% of mankind?. ynetnews. October 0012.
    • Shalev, Baruch (2005). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes. p. 57. ?A striking fact involving religion is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith?over 20% of the total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. These numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 13.75 million people (0.2% of the world?s population) are Jewish.?
    • Brooks, David (January 11, 2010). ?The Tel Aviv Cluster?. The New York Times. p. A23. ?Jews are a famously accomplished group. They make up 0.2 percent of the world population, but 54 percent of the world chess champions, 27 percent of the Nobel physics laureates and 31 percent of the medicine laureates. Jews make up 2 percent of the U.S. population, but 21 percent of the Ivy League student bodies, 26 percent of the Kennedy Center honorees, 37 percent of the Academy Award-winning directors, 38 percent of those on a recent Business Week list of leading philanthropists, 51 percent of the Pulitzer Prize winners for nonfiction.?
    • Dobbs, Stephen Mark (October 12, 2001). ?As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates?. j.Retrieved January 23, 2009. ?Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize ? perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.?
    • Ted Falcon, David Blatner (2001). ?28?. Judaism for dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ?Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world?s population, it?s surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent.?
    • Lawrence E. Harrison (2008). The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It.Oxford University Press. p. 102. ?That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world?s population.?
    • Jonathan B. Krasner, Jonathan D. Sarna (2006). The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880?s America. Behrman House, Inc. p. 1. ?These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world?s population!?
    • Murray, Charles (April 2007). ?Jewish Genius?. Commentary. ?In the first half of the 20th century, despite pervasive and continuing social discrimination against Jews throughout the Western world, despite the retraction of legal rights, and despite the Holocaust, Jews won 14 percent of Nobel Prizes in literature, chemistry, physics, and medicine/physiology. In the second half of the 20th century, when Nobel Prizes began to be awarded to people from all over the world, that figure rose to 29 percent. So far, in the 21st century, it has been 32 percent. Jews constitute about two-tenths of one percent of the world?s population.?
  4. Jump up^ Goriss, Luana. ?Jewish Nobel Prize Winners?. About.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  5. Jump up^ ?Winfrey selects Wiesel?s ?Night? for book club?, Associated Press, January 16, 2006.
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b USC Shoah Foundation Institute testimony of Francois Englert ? USHMM Collections Search, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  7. ^ Jump up to:a b ?Walter Kohn Autobiography?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19. ?They are dominated by my vivid recollections of 1 1/2 years as a Jewish boy under the Austrian Nazi regime? On another level, I want to mention that I have a strong Jewish identity and ? over the years ? have been involved in several Jewish projects, such as the establishment of a strong program of Judaic Studies at the University of California in San Diego.?
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g A remarkable week for Jewish Nobel Prize winnersThe Jewish Chronicle, October 10, 2013. ?No less than six Jewish scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes this week? Belgian-born Francois Englert won the accolade in physics? Also this week, two American Jews were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine [?] James Rothman and Randy Schekman? Meanwhile, three Jewish-American scientists, Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus, shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry? Karplus [?] fled the Nazi occupation of Austria as a child in 1938.
  10. ^ Jump up to:a b c Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
  11. Jump up^ ?The oldest Laureate?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-03-01.[dead link]
  12. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon, eds. (2003), ?Jewish Nobel Prize Winners?,The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia, Schreiber Publishing, p. 198, ISBN 1-887563-77-6
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l ?Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Literature?. Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah aiaj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at auav aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bmbn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cfcg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq crcs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq drds dt du dvdw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed Shalev, Baruch A. (2002). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes. The Americas Group. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-935047-37-0
  15. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1910?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  16. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1927?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  17. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1958?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  18. ^ Jump up to:a b ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1966?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  19. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1976?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  20. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1978?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  21. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1981?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  22. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1987?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  23. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1991?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  24. Jump up^ Segel, Harold B. (2008). The Columbia Literary History of Eastern Europe Since 1945. Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-231-13306-7?? the few Hungarian writers who have attempted to deal with Hungary?s role in the ware and the fate of the Hungarian Jewish population have been mostly Hungarian Jews. Certainly the best known, due to his receipt of the coveted Nobel Prize in Literature in 2002, is Imre Kertész (b. 1929)?.
  25. Jump up^ Rubin Suleiman, Susan; Forgács, Éva (eds) (2003). Contemporary Jewish Writing in Hungary: An Anthology. University of Nebraska Press. p. xlvi.
  26. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 2002?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  27. Jump up^ Dagmar C. G. Lorenz (2007). Keepers of the Motherland: German texts by Jewish women writers. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 251?252. ISBN 978-0-8032-2917-4. ?Jewish women?s writing likewise employs satirical and grotesque elements when depicting non-Jews? Some do so pointedly, such as Ilse Aichinger, Elfriede Gerstl, and Elifriede Jelinek? Jelinek resumed the techniques of the Jewish interwar satirists? Jelinek stresses her affinity to Karl Krauss and the Jewish Cabaret of the interwar era? She claims her own Jewish identity as the daughter of a Holocaust victim, her father, thereby suggesting that there is a continuity of Vienna?s Jewish tradition (Berka 1993, 137f.; Gilman 1995, 3).?
  28. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 2004?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  29. Jump up^ Billington, Michael (2007). Harold Pinter. London: Faber and Faber. p. 2. ISBN 0-571-23476-3.
  30. Jump up^ ?Nobel Prize in Literature 2005?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  31. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w ?Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Chemistry?. Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  32. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah aiaj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at auav Wentzel Van Huyssteen (2003). Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Volume 2. MacMillan Reference USA. p. 493.
  33. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah aiaj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at auFeuer, Lewis Samuel (1995). Varieties of Scientific Experience: Emotive Aims in Scientific Hypotheses(citing Encylopaedia Judaica). Transaction Publishers. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-56000-223-9
  34. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah aiaj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at auav aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bmbn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx J. Rogers Hollingsworth (2007), ?High Cognitive Complexity and the Making of Major Scientific Discoveries?, in Arnaud Sales, Marcel Fournier (eds.). Knowledge, Communication and CreativitySage Studies in International Sociology, SAGE, 2007, p. 136. ISBN 9780761943075
  35. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  36. Jump up^ Joan Comay; Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok (1995). Who?s who in Jewish history: after the period of the Old Testament. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 0-415-12583-9. ?Moissan, whose mother was Jewish, [?]?
  37. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  38. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  39. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  40. Jump up^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  41. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  42. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  43. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  44. Jump up^ Georgina Ferry (2008). Max Perutz and the secret of life. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-7011-7695-4.
  45. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  46. Jump up^ ?The Christian B. Anfinsen Papers Biographical Information?. Profiles in Science. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  47. ^ Jump up to:a b ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  48. Jump up^
    • Radu Balescu. ?Ilya Prigogine: His Life, His Work?, in Stuart Alan Rice (2007). Special volume in memory of Ilya Prigogine, John Wiley and Sons. p. 2. ?In the history of science, there are few examples of such a flashing and immense ascent as that of Ilya Prigogine (Fig. 1). The little Russian Jewish immigrant arrived in Brussels at the age of 12??
    • Magnus Ramage, Karen Shipp (2009). Systems Thinkers. Springer. p. 277. ?Prigogine was born in January 1917 in Moscow? His family ?had a difficult relationship with the new regime? (Prigogine 1977), being both Jewish and merchants?
    • Jean Maruani, Roland Lefebvre, Erkki Brändas (eds.) (2003). Advanced Topics in Theoretical Chemical Physics, Springer, p. xv. ?Ilya Prigogine was born on January 25, 1917, in Moscow, Russia, the second boy in a middle-class, Jewish family.?
  49. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  50. Jump up^ Herbert C. Brown, ?Herbert C. Brown?, in Tore Frängsmyr, Sture Forsén (1993). Chemistry, 1971?1980. World Scientific. p. 337. ?My parents? came to London in 1908 as part of the vast Jewish immigration in the early part of this century.?
  51. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  52. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
  53. ^ Jump up to:a b ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  54. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  55. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  56. Jump up^ ?Jerome Karle?, Profiles, Humanities and the Arts, City College of New York website. Retrieved September 10, 2011. ?Jerome Karle is an American Jewish physical chemist who shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with a fellow CCNY classmate, Herbert Hauptman?
  57. Jump up^ Seymour ?Sy? Brody. ?Jerome Karle: Nobel Prize?, American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Florida Atlantic University Libraries website. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  58. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  59. Jump up^ Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger (1996). The who?s who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901?1995. Oryx Press. p. 101.
  60. Jump up^ Samuel Kurinksy. ?Jewish Nobel Prize Winners Part I: Chemistry?, Hebrew History Federation.
  61. ^ Jump up to:a b ?Nobel Prize Laureates Boulevard?, Structures, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Spring 2011, p. 4. ?Dr. Hauptman interestingly is one of 160 Jewish Nobel Laureates? In honor of this distinction, there is a boulevard dedicated to Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates in a town called Kiryat Hatanei Pras Nobel (Nobel Prize Laureates? Town) outside of Tel Aviv, Israel. On this boulevard, a monument and plaque have been dedicated in Dr. Hauptman?s honor.?
  62. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  63. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  64. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  65. Jump up^ ?Sir Harold Kroto ? Autobiography?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  66. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  67. Jump up^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  68. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  69. Jump up^ Fant, Kenne (2006). Alfred Nobel: A Biography. Arcade Publishing. p. 478. ?Heeger was born in Sioux City, Iowa to a Jewish family.?
  70. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  71. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Boaz Arad. ?Best Jewish brains head to China. Beijing conference on science and technology to host Israeli, Jewish American Nobel laureates?. Yedioth Ahronoth. January 11, 2010. ?Three Nobel Prize laureates ? Ada Yonath, Aaron Ciechanover, and Avram Hershko ? are scheduled to take part in a conference in Beijing this month to present Israel?s top achievements in the field of Chemistry. The three will be joined by two Jewish American laureates, Professor Roger Kornberg, a biochemist, and David Gross, who won a physics Nobel.?
  72. Jump up^ Aaron Ciechanover. ?The 2008 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry 2004.?Journal of Visualized Experiments (J Vis Exp). 2009 Jul 1;(29). pii: 1559. doi: 10.3791/1559. ?The life and work of Aaron Ciechanover are deeply rooted and influenced by Judaism and Israel and it is therefore that with only brief intermission, Ciechanover spent his scientific career in Israel as he is?through his presence and work?able to contribute and shape presence and future of the State of Israel.?
  73. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  74. Jump up^ István Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI. Imperial College Press. ?Both Irwin Rose?s parents came from secular Jewish families, on his maternal side, the Greenwalds originated from Hungary and on his paternal side, the Roses originated from the Odessa region of Russia.?
  75. Jump up^ Seymour ?Sy? Brody. ?Irwin Rose: Chemistry Recipient-2004?, American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Florida Atlantic University Libraries website. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  76. Jump up^ Joe Eskenazi. ?Winning Nobel Prizes seems to run in one family?s chemistry?and biology?.The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. October 12, 2006. ?Arthur Kornberg ? who still has his own lab at Stanford Medical School at age 88 ? grew up in an Orthodox Brooklyn household, where Yiddish was the first language. His future wife, Sylvy Levy, also grew up Orthodox, but the couple raised their children in a fairly secular environment. Still, the family had a strong Jewish and pro-Israel identity, and Roger Kornberg is a consistent donor to the San Francisco-based Jewish Community Federation. Roger married an Israeli scientist, Yahli Lorch, a Stanford professor of structural biology, and they live almost half the year in their Jerusalem flat, where he leads his research team remotely via the Internet. ?
  77. Jump up^ Nadan Feldman. ?U.S. Nobel laureate: Israel must invest more in higher education?. Haaretz. January 13, 2012. ??explains Kornberg, when asked about the values his father instilled in him, and the atmosphere in which he grew up, in a Jewish family in the 1950s.?
  78. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  79. Jump up^ http://www.fau.edu/library/nobel11.htm
  80. Jump up^ Autobiography on Nobelprize.org
  81. Jump up^ Website of the Nobel Prize committee.
  82. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  83. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e
    • Janice Arnold (2011-10-12). ?Nobel laureate is pride of Sherbrooke Jews?. Canadian Jewish News. ?Shechtman was one of five Jews, including a former Montrealer, the late Ralph Steinman, to receive the prestigious prize for their scientific endeavours? Steinman and Bruce Beutler? won for their groundbreaking work in discoveries on the immune system. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, both American Jews? won the prize in physics.?
    • Looks, Elka (2011-10-05). ?Jews make strong showing among 2011 Nobel Prize winners?. Haaretz. ?Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman has made headlines at home for winning the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but he is not the only Jewish recipient? Ralph Steinman and Bruce Beutler were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for their discoveries on the immune system? Saul Perlmutter and Adam G. Riess, both American Jews, are two of the three Nobel Prize in physics winners? So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish??
  84. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  85. Jump up^ ?NY Jewish doctor wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry?, The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 10, 2012.
  86. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  87. ^ Jump up to:a b c ?Three Jewish American scientists, two of which have Israeli citizenship, won the 2013 Nobel Prize for chemistry?, The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 19, 2013.
  88. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013?. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  89. Jump up^ ?Michael Levitt is a US, British and Israeli citizen?, The Jerusalem Post, October 9, 2013.
  90. Jump up^ ?Fellow winner Michael Levitt, a South Africa-born professor, also holds Israeli citizenship.?, The Times of Israel, October 9, 2013.
  91. Jump up^ ?Martin Karplus, a US and Austrian citizen?, The Jerusalem Post, October 9, 2013.
  92. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah aiaj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at auav aw ax ay ?Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Biomedical Sciences?. Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  93. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  94. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  95. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  96. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  97. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  98. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  99. ^ Jump up to:a b Fred Skolnik, Michael Berenbaum (eds.) 2007. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 13. Macmillan Reference USA / Keter Publising House. p. 733. ?Jewish scientists have participated in this problem from the early days of Joseph Erlanger?s research on nerve conduction to Richard Axel?s dissection of the pathways relevant to olfactory function.?
  100. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  101. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  102. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  103. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  104. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  105. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  106. ^ Jump up to:a b ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  107. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  108. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  109. Jump up^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  110. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  111. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  112. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  113. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  114. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  115. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  116. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  117. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  118. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  119. Jump up^ Mark Avrum Ehrlich. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1,ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 1037.
  120. Jump up^ Frank Heynick. Jews and Medicine: An Epic Saga, KTAV Publishing House, 2002, p. 574.
  121. ^ Jump up to:a b ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  122. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  123. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  124. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  125. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  126. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  127. Jump up^ Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
  128. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  129. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  130. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  131. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  132. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  133. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  134. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  135. Jump up^ Peter Badge, Nikolaus Turner (2007). Nobel Faces: A Gallery of Nobel Prize Winners Wiley-VCH. p. 126.ISBN 978-3-527-40678-4. ?Axel was born to Polish Jewish refugees in New York in 1946?
  136. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  137. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  138. Jump up^ Canadian scientist wins Nobel prize days after death
  139. Jump up^ Bar-Mitzvah of Steinman?s brother Mark Charles (Canadian Jewish Review)
  140. Jump up^ Seymour David Steinman
  141. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011?. Nobel Foundation.
  142. Jump up^ Dr. Ernest Beutler, 1928?2008
  143. ^ Jump up to:a b ?James Rothman and Randy Schekman, both Jewish, win together with Thomas Suedhof for discoveries on how proteins are transported within cells?, The Times of Israel, October 7, 2013.
  144. ^ Jump up to:a b ?Prix Nobel de médecine 2013 : un duo de chercheurs américains juifs récompensé?, Le Monde Juif, October 7, 2013.
  145. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011?. Nobel Foundation.
  146. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah aiaj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au?Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics?. Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  147. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  148. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  149. Jump up^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  150. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  151. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  152. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  153. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  154. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  155. Jump up^ Pauli had three Jewish grandparents. When discussing his plans to leave Switzerland in 1940, he wrote ?Actually I suppose I am under German law 75 per cent Jewish.? ?Wolfgang Pauli ? Failed naturalisation and departure to the USA?. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  156. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  157. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  158. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  159. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  160. Jump up^
    • Marshall Sklare (1982). Understanding American Jewry. Transaction Publishers. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-87855-454-6.
    • Joan Comay; Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok (2002). Who?s who in Jewish history: after the period of the Old Testament. Routledge. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-415-26030-5.
    • Bernard S. Schlessinger; June H. Schlessinger (1996). The who?s who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901?1995. Oryx Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-89774-899-5. ?Parents: Father, Evgen Tamm; Mother, Olga Davidova Tamm. Nationality: Russian. Religion: Jewish.?
    • Ioan Mackenzie James (2009). Driven to innovate: a century of Jewish mathematicians and physicists. Peter Lang. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-906165-22-2.
  161. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  162. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  163. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  164. Jump up^ ?Lev Landau?. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  165. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  166. Jump up^ Lev Landau: Topmost Soviet Jewish Scientist Wins Nobel Prize
  167. Jump up^ Marton, Kati (2006). The Great Escape: Nine Jews Who Fled Hitler and Changed the World. Simon & Schuster. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4165-4245-2
  168. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  169. Jump up^ James Gleick. Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. Random House. 1995. p. 85. ?Feynman, as a New York Jew distinctly uninterested in either the faith or sociology of Judaism??
  170. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  171. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  172. Jump up^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
  173. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  174. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  175. Jump up^ Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger (1996). The Who?s Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901?1995. ?Cooper, Leon Neil?. Oryx Press. p. 605. ?Religion: Jewish?.
  176. Jump up^ Kurtz, Seymour (1985). Jewish America. McGraw-Hill. p. 244.
  177. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  178. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  179. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  180. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  181. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  182. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  183. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  184. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  185. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  186. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  187. ^ Jump up to:a b ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  188. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  189. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  190. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  191. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  192. Jump up^ ?David J. Gross: Autobiography?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  193. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  194. ^ Jump up to:a b c ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  195. Jump up^ Noble Laureute speaks about his jewish grandmother
  196. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  197. Jump up^ Wedding: Nancy Schondorf And Adam Riess
  198. Jump up^ Wedding: Drs. Gail Michele Riess and Leonard Bruce Saltz
  199. Jump up^ Obituary: Michael Riess
  200. Jump up^ Samuel Davidson, led Yiddish revival
  201. Jump up^ The Jewish Public Forum at CLAL
  202. Jump up^ ? French-Jewish physicist wins Nobel Prize along with American colleague?, Haaretz (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 9, 2012.
  203. Jump up^ ?Tel Aviv University professor shares Nobel Prize in physics?, The Times of Israel, October 8, 2013. ?Professor Englert is a Belgian Jew?
  204. Jump up^ Ziri, Daniel. ?Tel Aviv U. affiliated prof. who is a Holocaust survivor wins Nobel for physics?, The Jerusalem Post(Reuters), October 8, 2013. ?The 80-year-old Englert ? a Belgian Jew and Holocaust survivor??
  205. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013?. Nobel Foundation.
  206. Jump up^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901?2001. Science History Publications. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  207. ^ Jump up to:a b ?The Nobel Peace Prize 1911?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  208. Jump up^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901?2001. Science History Publications. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  209. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Peace Prize 1968?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  210. Jump up^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901?2001. Science History Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  211. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Peace Prize 1973?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  212. Jump up^ Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). ?The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901?2000?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  213. Jump up^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901?2001. Science History Publications. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  214. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Peace Prize 1978?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  215. Jump up^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901?2001. Science History Publications. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
  216. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Peace Prize 1986?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  217. Jump up^ ?Press Release- The Nobel Peace Prize 1994?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  218. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Peace Prize 1995?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  219. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w ?Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Economics?. Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  220. ^ Jump up to:a b Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). ?American Jews in Economics?. Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 719.
  221. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1970?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  222. Jump up^ Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). ?American Jews in Economics?. Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 720.
  223. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1971?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  224. ^ Jump up to:a b Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). ?American Jews in Economics?. Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 718.
  225. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1972?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  226. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1973?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  227. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1975?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  228. Jump up^ Vane, Howard R (2007). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to their Careers.Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 82. ISBN 978-1-84720-092-1
  229. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1976?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  230. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). ?American Jews in Economics?.Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 721.
  231. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1978?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  232. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1980?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  233. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1985?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  234. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1987?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  235. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1990?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  236. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1992?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  237. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1993?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  238. Jump up^ Vane, Howard R (2007). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to their Careers.Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 222. ISBN 978-1-84720-092-1
  239. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1994?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  240. Jump up^ Lesley Simpson. ?Endowment fund named for winner of Nobel Prize?. The Hamilton Spectator. September 16, 1998. p. A8.
  241. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 1997?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  242. Jump up^ Norwood, Stephen Harlan; Pollack, Eunice G. (2008). Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 721. ISBN 9781851096381.
  243. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 2001?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  244. Jump up^ Florida Atlantic University Libraries
  245. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 2002?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  246. Jump up^ ?Brief Bio ? Robert J Aumann?. Robert Aumann. Retrieved 2010-04-17. ?Robert Aumann was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in 1930, to a well-to-do orthodox Jewish family.?
  247. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 2005?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  248. Jump up^ Seymour ?Sy? Brody. ?Leonid Hurwicz: Nobel Prize in Economics Recipient-2007?. Florida Atlantic University Libraries. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  249. Jump up^ ?Leonid Hurwicz (1917?2008)?. Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  250. Jump up^ ?A house resolution honoring Professor Leo Hurwicz on his 90th birthday?. Legislature of the State of Minnesota (image via University of Minnesota, umn.edu). 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  251. ^ Jump up to:a b c Pervos, Stefanie (11/5/2007). ?Nobel Prize winners have Jewish, Chicago connections?. JUF News. ?Three Jewish scholars, two with Chicago connections, were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economic Science in October. Leonid Hurwicz, a professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota and former researcher at the University of Chicago; Roger B. Myerson, a University of Chicago professor; and Eric S. Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, N.J., were honored for their joint work on mechanism design theory.?
  252. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 2007?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  253. Jump up^ Silverstein, Marilyn. ?Nobel winner who?s at home with Einstein?, New Jersey Jewish News, November 8, 2007. ?A native of New York, Maskin grew up in New Jersey, in a nonreligious Jewish home in the town of Alpine? But is he culturally Jewish? ?Sure,? he said. ?It?s a very rich culture, and I?m attracted to that side of it. I listen to klezmer ? I?m actually a clarinetist myself. And there are certain Jewish foods I?m especially fond of ? latkes, chopped liver, chicken soup with matza balls. I like to cook, and a lot of the things I cook have been handed down ? a stuffed cabbage recipe I?m fond of, a meat pie recipe. I saw my grandmother do them.?
  254. Jump up^ Paul Krugman (2003-10-28). ?A Willful Ignorance?. New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-17. ?Sure enough, I was accused in various places not just of ?tolerance for anti-Semitism? (yes, I?m Jewish) [?]?
  255. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 2008?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
  256. Jump up^ [1]
  257. Jump up^ [2]
  258. Jump up^ ?The Prize in Economic Sciences 2010?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  259. Jump up^ ?US economists tied to Israeli academia win Nobel?, JTA in The Jerusalem Post, October 15, 2012.
  260. Jump up^ ?The Nobel Prize in Economics 2012?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  261. Jump up^ ?Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  262. Jump up^ ?Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890?1960)?. Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  263. Jump up^ Mark Franchetti. ?How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel?. The Sunday Times. January 14, 2007.
  264. Jump up^ Frenz, Horst (ed.) (1969). Literature 1901?1967. Nobel Lectures. Amsterdam: Elsevier. (Via ?Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 ? Announcement?. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 May 2007.)

Further reading[edit]