The Common Vein

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Physiology
 
Basic Priciples:   Receive, Process and Export
 
The basic building of the enzymes that are produced are anmino acids that the pancreatic cells are able to receive
Enzyme synthesis
 
The enzymes of the pancreas are produced mostly  in the alpha and beta cells.  These cells synthesise the  enzymes that have a specific chemical and physical structure tah allows them to perform and digest carbohydrates proteins and fats. The size, shape, and character have to be specific so that they function as a key that fits perfectly into and onto the receiving carbohydrate, protein or fat molecule that needs to be digested. The pancreas is therefore a chemical  factory for these enzymes and proenzymes.
The pancreas is the main organ of the glucose metabolism. Its function is to control blood and intracellular glucose as well as aid in the digestion of carbohydrates. It also has important participation in the digestion of fat and protein. It advances the digestive process started upstream in the mouth and stomach and initiates and refines the food for its final absorbtion in the small bowel.
It also produces proenzymes that require activation in the small bowel. Trypsinogen pepsinogen procarboxypeptidase are involved in the digestion of protein, while amylase digests carbohydrates, lipase digests fat, and deoxyribonuclease ribonuclease digests nucleic acids. These proenzymes are activated when they reach the small bowel
Proteolytic activity of the enzymes (enterokinases) reside in the microvilli and convert trypsinogen for example to active trypsin.
 
The recipe or method for this synthesis is embedded in the genetic makeup of the cells, held by DNA in the genes and transferred to the messenger RNA which dictates the synthesis.  The trinucleotide (triplet code) of messenger RNA is attached to the polyribosome which in turn is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The sequences of purine and pyramidine bases of the messenger RNA , reflect the information in the template of the DNA held in the memory bank in the genes in the nucleus. The cells first have to create a structure with a specific linear sequence of amino acids (primary structure) and then create secondary bonds produced by disulfide bonds, hydrophobic bonds, or salt linkages.  These secondary bonds invoke a  3 dimensional tertiary structure and sometimes a quartenary structure
Once again the concept of units to unity is reflected .  The bricks of the enzymes are a specific sequence of amino acids, and the links or bonds created between them result in a new form which has new power.  If any one of the amino acids in the primary sequence is absent the whole unit fails to function as an effective enzyme.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused by a single mutation in a gene that is transmitted as an autosomally recessive disease caused by a defective protein that results in a consequent aberrant movement of ssalt and water across membranes resulting in thck mucusthat consequently intrferes with pulmonary and digestive function.
The close proximity to the duodenum as well as its close proximity to the circulation allow the gland to have its finger on the pulse of glucose metabolism. The gland is extremely sensitive to the needs of the body and is able to respond quickly and effectively to the demands. As soon as acid hits the duodenum an antacid in the form of a bicarbonate rich fluid is produced and transported. The bicarbonate rich fluid neutralizes the effect of the acid both for the protection of the mucosa as well as to provide an optimal PH environment for the enzymes to function. Unlike the biliary system, there is no place to store this fluid, and it has to be produced in large volume on demand. It secretes between 1 and 3 liters per day. It is surprising in the grand design of the ductal systems of the liver and the pancreas that the liver got a gallbladder for storage and the pancreas got none. The gallbladder can be removed with very little loss of functionality. while the absence of pancreatic juices can be devastating. Why was there not a storage pouch for pancreatic juices?
As the stomach empties its contents into the duodenum secretin and CCK are secreted by the cells of the duodenum into the circulation, serving to stimulate the exocrine function of the pancreas.
CCK stimulates the acinar cells to secrete proenzymes while secretin stimulates the ductal cells to produce fluid rich in bicarbonates. Autonomic function also helps control the exocrine function of the pancreas.



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Physiology
 
Basic Priciples:   Receive, Process and Export
 
The basic building of the enzymes that are produced are anmino acids that the pancreatic cells are able to receive
Enzyme synthesis
 
The enzymes of the pancreas are produced mostly  in the alpha and beta cells.  These cells synthesise the  enzymes that have a specific chemical and physical structure tah allows them to perform and digest carbohydrates proteins and fats. The size, shape, and character have to be specific so that they function as a key that fits perfectly into and onto the receiving carbohydrate, protein or fat molecule that needs to be digested. The pancreas is therefore a chemical  factory for these enzymes and proenzymes.
The pancreas is the main organ of the glucose metabolism. Its function is to control blood and intracellular glucose as well as aid in the digestion of carbohydrates. It also has important participation in the digestion of fat and protein. It advances the digestive process started upstream in the mouth and stomach and initiates and refines the food for its final absorbtion in the small bowel.
It also produces proenzymes that require activation in the small bowel. Trypsinogen pepsinogen procarboxypeptidase are involved in the digestion of protein, while amylase digests carbohydrates, lipase digests fat, and deoxyribonuclease ribonuclease digests nucleic acids. These proenzymes are activated when they reach the small bowel
Proteolytic activity of the enzymes (enterokinases) reside in the microvilli and convert trypsinogen for example to active trypsin.
 
The recipe or method for this synthesis is embedded in the genetic makeup of the cells, held by DNA in the genes and transferred to the messenger RNA which dictates the synthesis.  The trinucleotide (triplet code) of messenger RNA is attached to the polyribosome which in turn is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The sequences of purine and pyramidine bases of the messenger RNA , reflect the information in the template of the DNA held in the memory bank in the genes in the nucleus. The cells first have to create a structure with a specific linear sequence of amino acids (primary structure) and then create secondary bonds produced by disulfide bonds, hydrophobic bonds, or salt linkages.  These secondary bonds invoke a  3 dimensional tertiary structure and sometimes a quartenary structure
Once again the concept of units to unity is reflected .  The bricks of the enzymes are a specific sequence of amino acids, and the links or bonds created between them result in a new form which has new power.  If any one of the amino acids in the primary sequence is absent the whole unit fails to function as an effective enzyme.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused by a single mutation in a gene that is transmitted as an autosomally recessive disease caused by a defective protein that results in a consequent aberrant movement of ssalt and water across membranes resulting in thck mucusthat consequently intrferes with pulmonary and digestive function.
The close proximity to the duodenum as well as its close proximity to the circulation allow the gland to have its finger on the pulse of glucose metabolism. The gland is extremely sensitive to the needs of the body and is able to respond quickly and effectively to the demands. As soon as acid hits the duodenum an antacid in the form of a bicarbonate rich fluid is produced and transported. The bicarbonate rich fluid neutralizes the effect of the acid both for the protection of the mucosa as well as to provide an optimal PH environment for the enzymes to function. Unlike the biliary system, there is no place to store this fluid, and it has to be produced in large volume on demand. It secretes between 1 and 3 liters per day. It is surprising in the grand design of the ductal systems of the liver and the pancreas that the liver got a gallbladder for storage and the pancreas got none. The gallbladder can be removed with very little loss of functionality. while the absence of pancreatic juices can be devastating. Why was there not a storage pouch for pancreatic juices?
As the stomach empties its contents into the duodenum secretin and CCK are secreted by the cells of the duodenum into the circulation, serving to stimulate the exocrine function of the pancreas.
CCK stimulates the acinar cells to secrete proenzymes while secretin stimulates the ductal cells to produce fluid rich in bicarbonates. Autonomic function also helps control the exocrine function of the pancreas.



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Basic Priciples:   Receive, Process and Export
 
The basic building of the enzymes that are produced are anmino acids that the pancreatic cells are able to receive
Enzyme synthesis
 
The enzymes of the pancreas are produced mostly  in the alpha and beta cells.  These cells synthesise the  enzymes that have a specific chemical and physical structure tah allows them to perform and digest carbohydrates proteins and fats. The size, shape, and character have to be specific so that they function as a key that fits perfectly into and onto the receiving carbohydrate, protein or fat molecule that needs to be digested. The pancreas is therefore a chemical  factory for these enzymes and proenzymes.
The pancreas is the main organ of the glucose metabolism. Its function is to control blood and intracellular glucose as well as aid in the digestion of carbohydrates. It also has important participation in the digestion of fat and protein. It advances the digestive process started upstream in the mouth and stomach and initiates and refines the food for its final absorbtion in the small bowel.
It also produces proenzymes that require activation in the small bowel. Trypsinogen pepsinogen procarboxypeptidase are involved in the digestion of protein, while amylase digests carbohydrates, lipase digests fat, and deoxyribonuclease ribonuclease digests nucleic acids. These proenzymes are activated when they reach the small bowel
Proteolytic activity of the enzymes (enterokinases) reside in the microvilli and convert trypsinogen for example to active trypsin.
 
The recipe or method for this synthesis is embedded in the genetic makeup of the cells, held by DNA in the genes and transferred to the messenger RNA which dictates the synthesis.  The trinucleotide (triplet code) of messenger RNA is attached to the polyribosome which in turn is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The sequences of purine and pyramidine bases of the messenger RNA , reflect the information in the template of the DNA held in the memory bank in the genes in the nucleus. The cells first have to create a structure with a specific linear sequence of amino acids (primary structure) and then create secondary bonds produced by disulfide bonds, hydrophobic bonds, or salt linkages.  These secondary bonds invoke a  3 dimensional tertiary structure and sometimes a quartenary structure
Once again the concept of units to unity is reflected .  The bricks of the enzymes are a specific sequence of amino acids, and the links or bonds created between them result in a new form which has new power.  If any one of the amino acids in the primary sequence is absent the whole unit fails to function as an effective enzyme.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused by a single mutation in a gene that is transmitted as an autosomally recessive disease caused by a defective protein that results in a consequent aberrant movement of ssalt and water across membranes resulting in thck mucusthat consequently intrferes with pulmonary and digestive function.
The close proximity to the duodenum as well as its close proximity to the circulation allow the gland to have its finger on the pulse of glucose metabolism. The gland is extremely sensitive to the needs of the body and is able to respond quickly and effectively to the demands. As soon as acid hits the duodenum an antacid in the form of a bicarbonate rich fluid is produced and transported. The bicarbonate rich fluid neutralizes the effect of the acid both for the protection of the mucosa as well as to provide an optimal PH environment for the enzymes to function. Unlike the biliary system, there is no place to store this fluid, and it has to be produced in large volume on demand. It secretes between 1 and 3 liters per day. It is surprising in the grand design of the ductal systems of the liver and the pancreas that the liver got a gallbladder for storage and the pancreas got none. The gallbladder can be removed with very little loss of functionality. while the absence of pancreatic juices can be devastating. Why was there not a storage pouch for pancreatic juices?
As the stomach empties its contents into the duodenum secretin and CCK are secreted by the cells of the duodenum into the circulation, serving to stimulate the exocrine function of the pancreas.
CCK stimulates the acinar cells to secrete proenzymes while secretin stimulates the ductal cells to produce fluid rich in bicarbonates. Autonomic function also helps control the exocrine function of the pancreas.
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Basic Priciples:   Receive, Process and Export
 
The basic building of the enzymes that are produced are anmino acids that the pancreatic cells are able to receive
Enzyme synthesis
 
The enzymes of the pancreas are produced mostly  in the alpha and beta cells.  These cells synthesise the  enzymes that have a specific chemical and physical structure tah allows them to perform and digest carbohydrates proteins and fats. The size, shape, and character have to be specific so that they function as a key that fits perfectly into and onto the receiving carbohydrate, protein or fat molecule that needs to be digested. The pancreas is therefore a chemical  factory for these enzymes and proenzymes.
The pancreas is the main organ of the glucose metabolism. Its function is to control blood and intracellular glucose as well as aid in the digestion of carbohydrates. It also has important participation in the digestion of fat and protein. It advances the digestive process started upstream in the mouth and stomach and initiates and refines the food for its final absorbtion in the small bowel.
It also produces proenzymes that require activation in the small bowel. Trypsinogen pepsinogen procarboxypeptidase are involved in the digestion of protein, while amylase digests carbohydrates, lipase digests fat, and deoxyribonuclease ribonuclease digests nucleic acids. These proenzymes are activated when they reach the small bowel
Proteolytic activity of the enzymes (enterokinases) reside in the microvilli and convert trypsinogen for example to active trypsin.
 
The recipe or method for this synthesis is embedded in the genetic makeup of the cells, held by DNA in the genes and transferred to the messenger RNA which dictates the synthesis.  The trinucleotide (triplet code) of messenger RNA is attached to the polyribosome which in turn is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The sequences of purine and pyramidine bases of the messenger RNA , reflect the information in the template of the DNA held in the memory bank in the genes in the nucleus. The cells first have to create a structure with a specific linear sequence of amino acids (primary structure) and then create secondary bonds produced by disulfide bonds, hydrophobic bonds, or salt linkages.  These secondary bonds invoke a  3 dimensional tertiary structure and sometimes a quartenary structure
Once again the concept of units to unity is reflected .  The bricks of the enzymes are a specific sequence of amino acids, and the links or bonds created between them result in a new form which has new power.  If any one of the amino acids in the primary sequence is absent the whole unit fails to function as an effective enzyme.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused by a single mutation in a gene that is transmitted as an autosomally recessive disease caused by a defective protein that results in a consequent aberrant movement of ssalt and water across membranes resulting in thck mucusthat consequently intrferes with pulmonary and digestive function.
The close proximity to the duodenum as well as its close proximity to the circulation allow the gland to have its finger on the pulse of glucose metabolism. The gland is extremely sensitive to the needs of the body and is able to respond quickly and effectively to the demands. As soon as acid hits the duodenum an antacid in the form of a bicarbonate rich fluid is produced and transported. The bicarbonate rich fluid neutralizes the effect of the acid both for the protection of the mucosa as well as to provide an optimal PH environment for the enzymes to function. Unlike the biliary system, there is no place to store this fluid, and it has to be produced in large volume on demand. It secretes between 1 and 3 liters per day. It is surprising in the grand design of the ductal systems of the liver and the pancreas that the liver got a gallbladder for storage and the pancreas got none. The gallbladder can be removed with very little loss of functionality. while the absence of pancreatic juices can be devastating. Why was there not a storage pouch for pancreatic juices?
As the stomach empties its contents into the duodenum secretin and CCK are secreted by the cells of the duodenum into the circulation, serving to stimulate the exocrine function of the pancreas.
CCK stimulates the acinar cells to secrete proenzymes while secretin stimulates the ductal cells to produce fluid rich in bicarbonates. Autonomic function also helps control the exocrine function of the pancreas.
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